天講解如何用python爬取芒果TV、騰訊視頻、B站、愛(ài)奇藝、知乎、微博這幾個(gè)常見(jiàn)常用的影視、輿論平臺(tái)的彈幕和評(píng)論,這類爬蟲得到的結(jié)果一般用于娛樂(lè)、輿情分析,如:新出一部火爆的電影,爬取彈幕評(píng)論分析他為什么這么火;微博又出大瓜,爬取底下評(píng)論看看網(wǎng)友怎么說(shuō),等等這娛樂(lè)性分析。
本文爬取一共六個(gè)平臺(tái),十個(gè)爬蟲案例,如果只對(duì)個(gè)別案例感興趣的可以根據(jù):芒果TV、騰訊視頻、B站、愛(ài)奇藝、知乎、微博這一順序進(jìn)行拉取觀看。完整的實(shí)戰(zhàn)源碼已在文中,我們廢話不多說(shuō),下面開始操作!
本文以爬取電影《懸崖之上》為例,講解如何爬取芒果TV視頻的彈幕和評(píng)論!
網(wǎng)頁(yè)地址:
https://www.mgtv.com/b/335313/12281642.html?fpa=15800&fpos=8&lastp=ch_movie
彈幕數(shù)據(jù)所在的文件是動(dòng)態(tài)加載的,需要進(jìn)入瀏覽器的開發(fā)者工具進(jìn)行抓包,得到彈幕數(shù)據(jù)所在的真實(shí)url。當(dāng)視頻播放一分鐘它就會(huì)更新一個(gè)json數(shù)據(jù)包,里面包含我們需要的彈幕數(shù)據(jù)。
得到的真實(shí)url:
https://bullet-ali.hitv.com/bullet/2021/08/14/005323/12281642/0.json
https://bullet-ali.hitv.com/bullet/2021/08/14/005323/12281642/1.json
可以發(fā)現(xiàn),每條url的差別在于后面的數(shù)字,首條url為0,后面的逐步遞增。視頻一共120:20分鐘,向上取整,也就是121條數(shù)據(jù)包。
import requests
import pandas as pd
headers = {
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.124 Safari/537.36'
}
df = pd.DataFrame()
for e in range(0, 121):
print(f'正在爬取第{e}頁(yè)')
resposen = requests.get(f'https://bullet-ali.hitv.com/bullet/2021/08/3/004902/12281642/{e}.json', headers=headers)
# 直接用json提取數(shù)據(jù)
for i in resposen.json()['data']['items']:
ids = i['ids'] # 用戶id
content = i['content'] # 彈幕內(nèi)容
time = i['time'] # 彈幕發(fā)生時(shí)間
# 有些文件中不存在點(diǎn)贊數(shù)
try:
v2_up_count = i['v2_up_count']
except:
v2_up_count = ''
text = pd.DataFrame({'ids': [ids], '彈幕': [content], '發(fā)生時(shí)間': [time]})
df = pd.concat([df, text])
df.to_csv('懸崖之上.csv', encoding='utf-8', index=False)
結(jié)果展示:
芒果TV視頻的評(píng)論需要拉取到網(wǎng)頁(yè)下面進(jìn)行查看。評(píng)論數(shù)據(jù)所在的文件依然是動(dòng)態(tài)加載的,進(jìn)入開發(fā)者工具,按下列步驟進(jìn)行抓包:Network→js,最后點(diǎn)擊查看更多評(píng)論。
加載出來(lái)的依然是js文件,里面包含評(píng)論數(shù)據(jù)。得到的真實(shí)url:
https://comment.mgtv.com/v4/comment/getCommentList?page=1&subjectType=hunantv2014&subjectId=12281642&callback=jQuery1820749973529821774_1628942431449&_support=10000000&_=1628943290494
https://comment.mgtv.com/v4/comment/getCommentList?page=2&subjectType=hunantv2014&subjectId=12281642&callback=jQuery1820749973529821774_1628942431449&_support=10000000&_=1628943296653
其中有差別的參數(shù)有page和_,page是頁(yè)數(shù),_是時(shí)間戳;url中的時(shí)間戳刪除后不影響數(shù)據(jù)完整性,但里面的callback參數(shù)會(huì)干擾數(shù)據(jù)解析,所以進(jìn)行刪除。最后得到url:
https://comment.mgtv.com/v4/comment/getCommentList?page=1&subjectType=hunantv2014&subjectId=12281642&_support=10000000
數(shù)據(jù)包中每頁(yè)包含15條評(píng)論數(shù)據(jù),評(píng)論總數(shù)是2527,得到最大頁(yè)為169。
import requests
import pandas as pd
headers = {
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.124 Safari/537.36'
}
df = pd.DataFrame()
for o in range(1, 170):
url = f'https://comment.mgtv.com/v4/comment/getCommentList?page={o}&subjectType=hunantv2014&subjectId=12281642&_support=10000000'
res = requests.get(url, headers=headers).json()
for i in res['data']['list']:
nickName = i['user']['nickName'] # 用戶昵稱
praiseNum = i['praiseNum'] # 被點(diǎn)贊數(shù)
date = i['date'] # 發(fā)送日期
content = i['content'] # 評(píng)論內(nèi)容
text = pd.DataFrame({'nickName': [nickName], 'praiseNum': [praiseNum], 'date': [date], 'content': [content]})
df = pd.concat([df, text])
df.to_csv('懸崖之上.csv', encoding='utf-8', index=False)
結(jié)果展示:
本文以爬取電影《革命者》為例,講解如何爬取騰訊視頻的彈幕和評(píng)論!
網(wǎng)頁(yè)地址:
https://v.qq.com/x/cover/mzc00200m72fcup.html
依然進(jìn)入瀏覽器的開發(fā)者工具進(jìn)行抓包,當(dāng)視頻播放30秒它就會(huì)更新一個(gè)json數(shù)據(jù)包,里面包含我們需要的彈幕數(shù)據(jù)。
得到真實(shí)url:
https://mfm.video.qq.com/danmu?otype=json&callback=jQuery19109541041335587612_1628947050538&target_id=7220956568%26vid%3Dt0040z3o3la&session_key=0%2C32%2C1628947057×tamp=15&_=1628947050569
https://mfm.video.qq.com/danmu?otype=json&callback=jQuery19109541041335587612_1628947050538&target_id=7220956568%26vid%3Dt0040z3o3la&session_key=0%2C32%2C1628947057×tamp=45&_=1628947050572
其中有差別的參數(shù)有timestamp和_。_是時(shí)間戳。timestamp是頁(yè)數(shù),首條url為15,后面以公差為30遞增,公差是以數(shù)據(jù)包更新時(shí)長(zhǎng)為基準(zhǔn),而最大頁(yè)數(shù)為視頻時(shí)長(zhǎng)7245秒。依然刪除不必要參數(shù),得到url:
https://mfm.video.qq.com/danmu?otype=json&target_id=7220956568%26vid%3Dt0040z3o3la&session_key=0%2C18%2C1628418094×tamp=15&_=1628418086509
import pandas as pd
import time
import requests
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Googlebot'
}
# 初始為15,7245 為視頻秒長(zhǎng),鏈接以三十秒遞增
df = pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(15, 7245, 30):
url = "https://mfm.video.qq.com/danmu?otype=json&target_id=7220956568%26vid%3Dt0040z3o3la&session_key=0%2C18%2C1628418094×tamp={}&_=1628418086509".format(i)
html = requests.get(url, headers=headers).json()
time.sleep(1)
for i in html['comments']:
content = i['content']
print(content)
text = pd.DataFrame({'彈幕': [content]})
df = pd.concat([df, text])
df.to_csv('革命者_(dá)彈幕.csv', encoding='utf-8', index=False)
結(jié)果展示:
騰訊視頻評(píng)論數(shù)據(jù)在網(wǎng)頁(yè)底部,依然是動(dòng)態(tài)加載的,需要按下列步驟進(jìn)入開發(fā)者工具進(jìn)行抓包:
點(diǎn)擊查看更多評(píng)論后,得到的數(shù)據(jù)包含有我們需要的評(píng)論數(shù)據(jù),得到的真實(shí)url:
https://video.coral.qq.com/varticle/6655100451/comment/v2?callback=_varticle6655100451commentv2&orinum=10&oriorder=o&pageflag=1&cursor=0&scorecursor=0&orirepnum=2&reporder=o&reppageflag=1&source=132&_=1628948867522
https://video.coral.qq.com/varticle/6655100451/comment/v2?callback=_varticle6655100451commentv2&orinum=10&oriorder=o&pageflag=1&cursor=6786869637356389636&scorecursor=0&orirepnum=2&reporder=o&reppageflag=1&source=132&_=1628948867523
url中的參數(shù)callback以及_刪除即可。重要的是參數(shù)cursor,第一條url參數(shù)cursor是等于0的,第二條url才出現(xiàn),所以要查找cursor參數(shù)是怎么出現(xiàn)的。經(jīng)過(guò)我的觀察,cursor參數(shù)其實(shí)是上一條url的last參數(shù):
import requests
import pandas as pd
import time
import random
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.124 Safari/537.36'
}
df = pd.DataFrame()
a = 1
# 此處必須設(shè)定循環(huán)次數(shù),否則會(huì)無(wú)限重復(fù)爬取
# 281為參照數(shù)據(jù)包中的oritotal,數(shù)據(jù)包中一共10條數(shù)據(jù),循環(huán)280次得到2800條數(shù)據(jù),但不包括底下回復(fù)的評(píng)論
# 數(shù)據(jù)包中的commentnum,是包括回復(fù)的評(píng)論數(shù)據(jù)的總數(shù),而數(shù)據(jù)包都包含10條評(píng)論數(shù)據(jù)和底下的回復(fù)的評(píng)論數(shù)據(jù),所以只需要把2800除以10取整數(shù)+1即可!
while a < 281:
if a == 1:
url = 'https://video.coral.qq.com/varticle/6655100451/comment/v2?orinum=10&oriorder=o&pageflag=1&cursor=0&scorecursor=0&orirepnum=2&reporder=o&reppageflag=1&source=132'
else:
url = f'https://video.coral.qq.com/varticle/6655100451/comment/v2?orinum=10&oriorder=o&pageflag=1&cursor={cursor}&scorecursor=0&orirepnum=2&reporder=o&reppageflag=1&source=132'
res = requests.get(url, headers=headers).json()
cursor = res['data']['last']
for i in res['data']['oriCommList']:
ids = i['id']
times = i['time']
up = i['up']
content = i['content'].replace('\n', '')
text = pd.DataFrame({'ids': [ids], 'times': [times], 'up': [up], 'content': [content]})
df = pd.concat([df, text])
a += 1
time.sleep(random.uniform(2, 3))
df.to_csv('革命者_(dá)評(píng)論.csv', encoding='utf-8', index=False)
效果展示:
本文以爬取視頻《“ 這是我見(jiàn)過(guò)最拽的一屆中國(guó)隊(duì)奧運(yùn)冠軍”》為例,講解如何爬取B站視頻的彈幕和評(píng)論!
網(wǎng)頁(yè)地址:
https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1wq4y1Q7dp
B站視頻的彈幕不像騰訊視頻那樣,播放視頻就會(huì)觸發(fā)彈幕數(shù)據(jù)包,他需要點(diǎn)擊網(wǎng)頁(yè)右側(cè)的彈幕列表行的展開,然后點(diǎn)擊查看歷史彈幕獲得視頻彈幕開始日到截至日鏈接:
鏈接末尾以oid以及開始日期來(lái)構(gòu)成彈幕日期url:
https://api.bilibili.com/x/v2/dm/history/index?type=1&oid=384801460&month=2021-08
在上面的的基礎(chǔ)之上,點(diǎn)擊任一有效日期即可獲得這一日期的彈幕數(shù)據(jù)包,里面的內(nèi)容目前是看不懂的,之所以確定它為彈幕數(shù)據(jù)包,是因?yàn)辄c(diǎn)擊了日期他才加載出來(lái),且鏈接與前面的鏈接具有相關(guān)性:
得到的url:
https://api.bilibili.com/x/v2/dm/web/history/seg.so?type=1&oid=384801460&date=2021-08-08
url中的oid為視頻彈幕鏈接的id值;data參數(shù)為剛才的的日期,而獲得該視頻全部彈幕內(nèi)容,只需要更改data參數(shù)即可。而data參數(shù)可以從上面的彈幕日期url獲得,也可以自行構(gòu)造;網(wǎng)頁(yè)數(shù)據(jù)格式為json格式
import requests
import pandas as pd
import re
def data_resposen(url):
headers = {
"cookie": "你的cookie",
"user-agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.104 Safari/537.36"
}
resposen = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
return resposen
def main(oid, month):
df = pd.DataFrame()
url = f'https://api.bilibili.com/x/v2/dm/history/index?type=1&oid={oid}&month={month}'
list_data = data_resposen(url).json()['data'] # 拿到所有日期
print(list_data)
for data in list_data:
urls = f'https://api.bilibili.com/x/v2/dm/web/history/seg.so?type=1&oid={oid}&date={data}'
text = re.findall(".*?([\u4E00-\u9FA5]+).*?", data_resposen(urls).text)
for e in text:
print(e)
data = pd.DataFrame({'彈幕': [e]})
df = pd.concat([df, data])
df.to_csv('彈幕.csv', encoding='utf-8', index=False, mode='a+')
if __name__ == '__main__':
oid = '384801460' # 視頻彈幕鏈接的id值
month = '2021-08' # 開始日期
main(oid, month)
結(jié)果展示:
B站視頻的評(píng)論內(nèi)容在網(wǎng)頁(yè)下方,進(jìn)入瀏覽器的開發(fā)者工具后,只需要向下拉取即可加載出數(shù)據(jù)包:
得到真實(shí)url:
https://api.bilibili.com/x/v2/reply/main?callback=jQuery1720034332372316460136_1629011550479&jsonp=jsonp&next=0&type=1&oid=589656273&mode=3&plat=1&_=1629012090500
https://api.bilibili.com/x/v2/reply/main?callback=jQuery1720034332372316460136_1629011550483&jsonp=jsonp&next=2&type=1&oid=589656273&mode=3&plat=1&_=1629012513080
https://api.bilibili.com/x/v2/reply/main?callback=jQuery1720034332372316460136_1629011550484&jsonp=jsonp&next=3&type=1&oid=589656273&mode=3&plat=1&_=1629012803039
兩條urlnext參數(shù),以及_和callback參數(shù)。_和callback一個(gè)是時(shí)間戳,一個(gè)是干擾參數(shù),刪除即可。next參數(shù)第一條為0,第二條為2,第三條為3,所以第一條next參數(shù)固定為0,第二條開始遞增;網(wǎng)頁(yè)數(shù)據(jù)格式為json格式。
import requests
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame()
headers = {
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/86.0.4240.111 Safari/537.36'}
try:
a = 1
while True:
if a == 1:
# 刪除不必要參數(shù)得到的第一條url
url = f'https://api.bilibili.com/x/v2/reply/main?&jsonp=jsonp&next=0&type=1&oid=589656273&mode=3&plat=1'
else:
url = f'https://api.bilibili.com/x/v2/reply/main?&jsonp=jsonp&next={a}&type=1&oid=589656273&mode=3&plat=1'
print(url)
html = requests.get(url, headers=headers).json()
for i in html['data']['replies']:
uname = i['member']['uname'] # 用戶名稱
sex = i['member']['sex'] # 用戶性別
mid = i['mid'] # 用戶id
current_level = i['member']['level_info']['current_level'] # vip等級(jí)
message = i['content']['message'].replace('\n', '') # 用戶評(píng)論
like = i['like'] # 評(píng)論點(diǎn)贊次數(shù)
ctime = i['ctime'] # 評(píng)論時(shí)間
data = pd.DataFrame({'用戶名稱': [uname], '用戶性別': [sex], '用戶id': [mid],
'vip等級(jí)': [current_level], '用戶評(píng)論': [message], '評(píng)論點(diǎn)贊次數(shù)': [like],
'評(píng)論時(shí)間': [ctime]})
df = pd.concat([df, data])
a += 1
except Exception as e:
print(e)
df.to_csv('奧運(yùn)會(huì).csv', encoding='utf-8')
print(df.shape)
結(jié)果展示,獲取的內(nèi)容不包括二級(jí)評(píng)論,如果需要,可自行爬取,操作步驟差不多:
本文以爬取電影《哥斯拉大戰(zhàn)金剛》為例,講解如何爬愛(ài)奇藝視頻的彈幕和評(píng)論!
網(wǎng)頁(yè)地址:
https://www.iqiyi.com/v_19rr0m845o.html
愛(ài)奇藝視頻的彈幕依然是要進(jìn)入開發(fā)者工具進(jìn)行抓包,得到一個(gè)br壓縮文件,點(diǎn)擊可以直接下載,里面的內(nèi)容是二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù),視頻每播放一分鐘,就加載一條數(shù)據(jù)包:
得到url,兩條url差別在于遞增的數(shù)字,60為視頻每60秒更新一次數(shù)據(jù)包:
https://cmts.iqiyi.com/bullet/64/00/1078946400_60_1_b2105043.br
https://cmts.iqiyi.com/bullet/64/00/1078946400_60_2_b2105043.br
br文件可以用brotli庫(kù)進(jìn)行解壓,但實(shí)際操作起來(lái)很難,特別是編碼等問(wèn)題,難以解決;在直接使用utf-8進(jìn)行解碼時(shí),會(huì)報(bào)以下錯(cuò)誤:
UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0x91 in position 52: invalid start byte
在解碼中加入ignore,中文不會(huì)亂碼,但html格式出現(xiàn)亂碼,數(shù)據(jù)提取依然很難:
decode("utf-8", "ignore")
小刀被編碼弄到頭疼,如果有興趣的小伙伴可以對(duì)上面的內(nèi)容繼續(xù)研究,本文就不在進(jìn)行深入。所以本文采用另一個(gè)方法,對(duì)得到url進(jìn)行修改成以下鏈接而獲得.z壓縮文件:
https://cmts.iqiyi.com/bullet/64/00/1078946400_300_1.z
之所以如此更改,是因?yàn)檫@是愛(ài)奇藝以前的彈幕接口鏈接,他還未刪除或修改,目前還可以使用。該接口鏈接中1078946400是視頻id;300是以前愛(ài)奇藝的彈幕每5分鐘會(huì)加載出新的彈幕數(shù)據(jù)包,5分鐘就是300秒,《哥斯拉大戰(zhàn)金剛》時(shí)長(zhǎng)112.59分鐘,除以5向上取整就是23;1是頁(yè)數(shù);64為id值的第7為和第8為數(shù)。
import requests
import pandas as pd
from lxml import etree
from zlib import decompress # 解壓
df = pd.DataFrame()
for i in range(1, 23):
url = f'https://cmts.iqiyi.com/bullet/64/00/1078946400_300_{i}.z'
bulletold = requests.get(url).content # 得到二進(jìn)制數(shù)據(jù)
decode = decompress(bulletold).decode('utf-8') # 解壓解碼
with open(f'{i}.html', 'a+', encoding='utf-8') as f: # 保存為靜態(tài)的html文件
f.write(decode)
html = open(f'./{i}.html', 'rb').read() # 讀取html文件
html = etree.HTML(html) # 用xpath語(yǔ)法進(jìn)行解析網(wǎng)頁(yè)
ul = html.xpath('/html/body/danmu/data/entry/list/bulletinfo')
for i in ul:
contentid = ''.join(i.xpath('./contentid/text()'))
content = ''.join(i.xpath('./content/text()'))
likeCount = ''.join(i.xpath('./likecount/text()'))
print(contentid, content, likeCount)
text = pd.DataFrame({'contentid': [contentid], 'content': [content], 'likeCount': [likeCount]})
df = pd.concat([df, text])
df.to_csv('哥斯拉大戰(zhàn)金剛.csv', encoding='utf-8', index=False)
結(jié)果展示:
愛(ài)奇藝視頻的評(píng)論在網(wǎng)頁(yè)下方,依然是動(dòng)態(tài)加載的內(nèi)容,需要進(jìn)入瀏覽器的開發(fā)者工具進(jìn)行抓包,當(dāng)網(wǎng)頁(yè)下拉取時(shí),會(huì)加載一條數(shù)據(jù)包,里面包含評(píng)論數(shù)據(jù):
得到的真實(shí)url:
https://sns-comment.iqiyi.com/v3/comment/get_comments.action?agent_type=118&agent_version=9.11.5&authcookie=null&business_type=17&channel_id=1&content_id=1078946400&hot_size=10&last_id=&page=&page_size=10&types=hot,time&callback=jsonp_1629025964363_15405
https://sns-comment.iqiyi.com/v3/comment/get_comments.action?agent_type=118&agent_version=9.11.5&authcookie=null&business_type=17&channel_id=1&content_id=1078946400&hot_size=0&last_id=7963601726142521&page=&page_size=20&types=time&callback=jsonp_1629026041287_28685
https://sns-comment.iqiyi.com/v3/comment/get_comments.action?agent_type=118&agent_version=9.11.5&authcookie=null&business_type=17&channel_id=1&content_id=1078946400&hot_size=0&last_id=4933019153543021&page=&page_size=20&types=time&callback=jsonp_1629026394325_81937
第一條url加載的是精彩評(píng)論的內(nèi)容,第二條url開始加載的是全部評(píng)論的內(nèi)容。經(jīng)過(guò)刪減不必要參數(shù)得到以下url:
https://sns-comment.iqiyi.com/v3/comment/get_comments.action?agent_type=118&agent_version=9.11.5&business_type=17&content_id=1078946400&last_id=&page_size=10
https://sns-comment.iqiyi.com/v3/comment/get_comments.action?agent_type=118&agent_version=9.11.5&business_type=17&content_id=1078946400&last_id=7963601726142521&page_size=20
https://sns-comment.iqiyi.com/v3/comment/get_comments.action?agent_type=118&agent_version=9.11.5&business_type=17&content_id=1078946400&last_id=4933019153543021&page_size=20
區(qū)別在于參數(shù)last_id和page_size。page_size在第一條url中的值為10,從第二條url開始固定為20。last_id在首條url中值為空,從第二條開始會(huì)不斷發(fā)生變化,經(jīng)過(guò)我的研究,last_id的值就是從前一條url中的最后一條評(píng)論內(nèi)容的用戶id(應(yīng)該是用戶id);網(wǎng)頁(yè)數(shù)據(jù)格式為json格式。
import requests
import pandas as pd
import time
import random
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.124 Safari/537.36'
}
df = pd.DataFrame()
try:
a = 0
while True:
if a == 0:
url = 'https://sns-comment.iqiyi.com/v3/comment/get_comments.action?agent_type=118&agent_version=9.11.5&business_type=17&content_id=1078946400&page_size=10'
else:
# 從id_list中得到上一條頁(yè)內(nèi)容中的最后一個(gè)id值
url = f'https://sns-comment.iqiyi.com/v3/comment/get_comments.action?agent_type=118&agent_version=9.11.5&business_type=17&content_id=1078946400&last_id={id_list[-1]}&page_size=20'
print(url)
res = requests.get(url, headers=headers).json()
id_list = [] # 建立一個(gè)列表保存id值
for i in res['data']['comments']:
ids = i['id']
id_list.append(ids)
uname = i['userInfo']['uname']
addTime = i['addTime']
content = i.get('content', '不存在') # 用get提取是為了防止鍵值不存在而發(fā)生報(bào)錯(cuò),第一個(gè)參數(shù)為匹配的key值,第二個(gè)為缺少時(shí)輸出
text = pd.DataFrame({'ids': [ids], 'uname': [uname], 'addTime': [addTime], 'content': [content]})
df = pd.concat([df, text])
a += 1
time.sleep(random.uniform(2, 3))
except Exception as e:
print(e)
df.to_csv('哥斯拉大戰(zhàn)金剛_評(píng)論.csv', mode='a+', encoding='utf-8', index=False)
結(jié)果展示:
本文以爬取知乎熱點(diǎn)話題《如何看待網(wǎng)傳騰訊實(shí)習(xí)生向騰訊高層提出建議頒布拒絕陪酒相關(guān)條令?》為例,講解如爬取知乎回答!
網(wǎng)頁(yè)地址:
https://www.zhihu.com/question/478781972
經(jīng)過(guò)查看網(wǎng)頁(yè)源代碼等方式,確定該網(wǎng)頁(yè)回答內(nèi)容為動(dòng)態(tài)加載的,需要進(jìn)入瀏覽器的開發(fā)者工具進(jìn)行抓包。進(jìn)入Noetwork→XHR,用鼠標(biāo)在網(wǎng)頁(yè)向下拉取,得到我們需要的數(shù)據(jù)包:
得到的真實(shí)url:
https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/questions/478781972/answers?include=data%5B%2A%5D.is_normal%2Cadmin_closed_comment%2Creward_info%2Cis_collapsed%2Cannotation_action%2Cannotation_detail%2Ccollapse_reason%2Cis_sticky%2Ccollapsed_by%2Csuggest_edit%2Ccomment_count%2Ccan_comment%2Ccontent%2Ceditable_content%2Cattachment%2Cvoteup_count%2Creshipment_settings%2Ccomment_permission%2Ccreated_time%2Cupdated_time%2Creview_info%2Crelevant_info%2Cquestion%2Cexcerpt%2Cis_labeled%2Cpaid_info%2Cpaid_info_content%2Crelationship.is_authorized%2Cis_author%2Cvoting%2Cis_thanked%2Cis_nothelp%2Cis_recognized%3Bdata%5B%2A%5D.mark_infos%5B%2A%5D.url%3Bdata%5B%2A%5D.author.follower_count%2Cvip_info%2Cbadge%5B%2A%5D.topics%3Bdata%5B%2A%5D.settings.table_of_content.enabled&limit=5&offset=0&platform=desktop&sort_by=default
https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/questions/478781972/answers?include=data%5B%2A%5D.is_normal%2Cadmin_closed_comment%2Creward_info%2Cis_collapsed%2Cannotation_action%2Cannotation_detail%2Ccollapse_reason%2Cis_sticky%2Ccollapsed_by%2Csuggest_edit%2Ccomment_count%2Ccan_comment%2Ccontent%2Ceditable_content%2Cattachment%2Cvoteup_count%2Creshipment_settings%2Ccomment_permission%2Ccreated_time%2Cupdated_time%2Creview_info%2Crelevant_info%2Cquestion%2Cexcerpt%2Cis_labeled%2Cpaid_info%2Cpaid_info_content%2Crelationship.is_authorized%2Cis_author%2Cvoting%2Cis_thanked%2Cis_nothelp%2Cis_recognized%3Bdata%5B%2A%5D.mark_infos%5B%2A%5D.url%3Bdata%5B%2A%5D.author.follower_count%2Cvip_info%2Cbadge%5B%2A%5D.topics%3Bdata%5B%2A%5D.settings.table_of_content.enabled&limit=5&offset=5&platform=desktop&sort_by=default
url有很多不必要的參數(shù),大家可以在瀏覽器中自行刪減。兩條url的區(qū)別在于后面的offset參數(shù),首條url的offset參數(shù)為0,第二條為5,offset是以公差為5遞增;網(wǎng)頁(yè)數(shù)據(jù)格式為json格式。
import requests
import pandas as pd
import re
import time
import random
df = pd.DataFrame()
headers = {
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/81.0.4044.138 Safari/537.36'
}
for page in range(0, 1360, 5):
url = f'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/questions/478781972/answers?include=data%5B%2A%5D.is_normal%2Cadmin_closed_comment%2Creward_info%2Cis_collapsed%2Cannotation_action%2Cannotation_detail%2Ccollapse_reason%2Cis_sticky%2Ccollapsed_by%2Csuggest_edit%2Ccomment_count%2Ccan_comment%2Ccontent%2Ceditable_content%2Cattachment%2Cvoteup_count%2Creshipment_settings%2Ccomment_permission%2Ccreated_time%2Cupdated_time%2Creview_info%2Crelevant_info%2Cquestion%2Cexcerpt%2Cis_labeled%2Cpaid_info%2Cpaid_info_content%2Crelationship.is_authorized%2Cis_author%2Cvoting%2Cis_thanked%2Cis_nothelp%2Cis_recognized%3Bdata%5B%2A%5D.mark_infos%5B%2A%5D.url%3Bdata%5B%2A%5D.author.follower_count%2Cvip_info%2Cbadge%5B%2A%5D.topics%3Bdata%5B%2A%5D.settings.table_of_content.enabled&limit=5&offset={page}&platform=desktop&sort_by=default'
response = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers).json()
data = response['data']
for list_ in data:
name = list_['author']['name'] # 知乎作者
id_ = list_['author']['id'] # 作者id
created_time = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", time.localtime(list_['created_time'] )) # 回答時(shí)間
voteup_count = list_['voteup_count'] # 贊同數(shù)
comment_count = list_['comment_count'] # 底下評(píng)論數(shù)
content = list_['content'] # 回答內(nèi)容
content = ''.join(re.findall("[\u3002\uff1b\uff0c\uff1a\u201c\u201d\uff08\uff09\u3001\uff1f\u300a\u300b\u4e00-\u9fa5]", content)) # 正則表達(dá)式提取
print(name, id_, created_time, comment_count, content, sep='|')
dataFrame = pd.DataFrame(
{'知乎作者': [name], '作者id': [id_], '回答時(shí)間': [created_time], '贊同數(shù)': [voteup_count], '底下評(píng)論數(shù)': [comment_count],
'回答內(nèi)容': [content]})
df = pd.concat([df, dataFrame])
time.sleep(random.uniform(2, 3))
df.to_csv('知乎回答.csv', encoding='utf-8', index=False)
print(df.shape)
結(jié)果展示:
本文以爬取微博熱搜《霍尊手寫道歉信》為例,講解如何爬取微博評(píng)論!
網(wǎng)頁(yè)地址:
https://m.weibo.cn/detail/4669040301182509
微博評(píng)論是動(dòng)態(tài)加載的,進(jìn)入瀏覽器的開發(fā)者工具后,在網(wǎng)頁(yè)上向下拉取會(huì)得到我們需要的數(shù)據(jù)包:
得到真實(shí)url:
https://m.weibo.cn/comments/hotflow?id=4669040301182509&mid=4669040301182509&max_id_type=0
https://m.weibo.cn/comments/hotflow?id=4669040301182509&mid=4669040301182509&max_id=3698934781006193&max_id_type=0
兩條url區(qū)別很明顯,首條url是沒(méi)有參數(shù)max_id的,第二條開始max_id才出現(xiàn),而max_id其實(shí)是前一條數(shù)據(jù)包中的max_id:
但有個(gè)需要注意的是參數(shù)max_id_type,它其實(shí)也是會(huì)變化的,所以我們需要從數(shù)據(jù)包中獲取max_id_type:
實(shí)戰(zhàn)代碼import re
import requests
import pandas as pd
import time
import random
df = pd.DataFrame()
try:
a = 1
while True:
header = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/38.0.2125.122 UBrowser/4.0.3214.0 Safari/537.36'
}
resposen = requests.get('https://m.weibo.cn/detail/4669040301182509', headers=header)
# 微博爬取大概幾十頁(yè)會(huì)封賬號(hào)的,而通過(guò)不斷的更新cookies,會(huì)讓爬蟲更持久點(diǎn)...
cookie = [cookie.value for cookie in resposen.cookies] # 用列表推導(dǎo)式生成cookies部件
headers = {
# 登錄后的cookie, SUB用登錄后的
'cookie': f'WEIBOCN_FROM={cookie[3]}; SUB=; _T_WM={cookie[4]}; MLOGIN={cookie[1]}; M_WEIBOCN_PARAMS={cookie[2]}; XSRF-TOKEN={cookie[0]}',
'referer': 'https://m.weibo.cn/detail/4669040301182509',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/38.0.2125.122 UBrowser/4.0.3214.0 Safari/537.36'
}
if a == 1:
url = 'https://m.weibo.cn/comments/hotflow?id=4669040301182509&mid=4669040301182509&max_id_type=0'
else:
url = f'https://m.weibo.cn/comments/hotflow?id=4669040301182509&mid=4669040301182509&max_id={max_id}&max_id_type={max_id_type}'
html = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers).json()
data = html['data']
max_id = data['max_id'] # 獲取max_id和max_id_type返回給下一條url
max_id_type = data['max_id_type']
for i in data['data']:
screen_name = i['user']['screen_name']
i_d = i['user']['id']
like_count = i['like_count'] # 點(diǎn)贊數(shù)
created_at = i['created_at'] # 時(shí)間
text = re.sub(r'<[^>]*>', '', i['text']) # 評(píng)論
print(text)
data_json = pd.DataFrame({'screen_name': [screen_name], 'i_d': [i_d], 'like_count': [like_count], 'created_at': [created_at],'text': [text]})
df = pd.concat([df, data_json])
time.sleep(random.uniform(2, 7))
a += 1
except Exception as e:
print(e)
df.to_csv('微博.csv', encoding='utf-8', mode='a+', index=False)
print(df.shape)
結(jié)果展示:
以上便是今天的全部?jī)?nèi)容了,如果你喜歡今天的內(nèi)容,希望你能在下方點(diǎn)個(gè)贊和在看支持我,謝謝!
話不多說(shuō)吧,我們先看看效果圖:
彈幕
其實(shí)彈幕的主要思路很簡(jiǎn)單,就是將div從右向左移動(dòng),直到完全移除屏幕之后,將當(dāng)前div從body中移除,這里我采用了面向?qū)ο蟮乃枷雭?lái)處理,具體js代碼如下:
/** * 彈幕 */ $(function () { function BarrageManager (options) { this.opts = { url : './res/danmu.json', loadDelay : 5000 , // 輪詢時(shí)間間隔 } $.extend( this.opts , options); this.bc = new BarrageCollection(); } BarrageManager.prototype.load = function () { var self = this ; $.getJSON(self.opts.url , function (data) { if(data.data.length > 0) { for(var i = 0 ; i < data.data.length ; i++) { var item = data.data[i] ; self.bc.add(new Barrage({ id:item.id, name:item.fromUserName, text:item.content, icon:item.fromUserIcon ? item.fromUserIcon : './images/head-icon.png' })); } self.loop(); } }); } BarrageManager.prototype.loop = function () { var len = this.bc.mq.length , self = this ; while (len--) { this.bc.mq[len].start(this.bc , len); } setTimeout(function () { self.load(); } , this.opts.loadDelay); } function BarrageCollection () { this.mq = [] ; } BarrageCollection.prototype.add = function (barrage) { this.mq.push(barrage); } BarrageCollection.prototype.remove = function (barrage) { var index = this.mq.findIndex(function (item) { return barrage.opts.id == item.opts.id ; }); if(index != -1) { this.mq.splice(index , 1); } barrage.opts.$el.remove(); } function Barrage (options) { this.opts = { $el : null , left : 0 , bgColor : [Math.floor(Math.random()*255),Math.floor(Math.random()*255),Math.floor(Math.random()*255)] , offset : 50 , // 使彈幕完全移出屏幕外 duration : 10000 , // 彈幕從右往左移動(dòng)的時(shí)間 delayTime : 1000 , // 彈幕延遲移動(dòng)時(shí)間 }; $.extend( this.opts , options); this.init(); } Barrage.prototype.init = function () { this.opts.$el = $("<span><img src="+this.opts.icon+"><em>"+this.opts.name+":</em>"+this.opts.text+"</span>"); var top = Math.ceil(Math.random() * 10 ); this.opts.$el.css({ top:top * 40 +'px', backgroundColor:"rgb("+this.opts.bgColor.join(",")+")" }); var delay = Math.ceil(Math.random()*10); this.opts.delayTime *= Math.abs(delay - 5); var dur = Math.ceil(Math.random() * 10); this.opts.duration += dur * 1000 ; $('#barrage-wrapper').append(this.opts.$el); this.opts.left = -this.opts.$el.width() - this.opts.offset ; } Barrage.prototype.start = function (bc , index) { var self = this ; bc.mq.splice(index , 1); setTimeout(function () { self.move(bc); }, this.opts.delayTime); } Barrage.prototype.move = function (bc) { var self = this ; this.opts.$el.animate({ left:this.opts.left+'px' } , this.opts.duration ,"linear" , function () { bc.remove(self); }); } new BarrageManager().load(); });
BarrageManager 中的方法:
load 方法就不加以說(shuō)明了,主要講一下 loop方法:
BarrageManager.prototype.loop = function () { var len = this.bc.mq.length , self = this ; while (len--) { this.bc.mq[len].start(this.bc , len); } setTimeout(function () { self.load(); } , this.opts.loadDelay); }
通過(guò)while循環(huán),將彈幕集合中所有彈幕對(duì)象取出,并調(diào)用他的start方法,開啟彈幕動(dòng)畫,然后每間隔指定時(shí)間再去調(diào)用一次load方法,生成新的彈幕對(duì)象,并添加到彈幕結(jié)合中。
PS: 這里其實(shí)最好使用socket,然服務(wù)端主動(dòng)推送,而不是客戶端通過(guò)http進(jìn)行輪詢,我這里主要講解實(shí)現(xiàn)彈幕的思路,至于怎么獲取數(shù)據(jù),這個(gè)大家可以去優(yōu)化,不過(guò)我可以推薦一個(gè)socket第三方包 socket.io 這個(gè)庫(kù)挺厲害的,大家可以去看看。
BarrageCollection 中的方法:
BarrageCollection 中的方法其實(shí)就是對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了一層包裝操作而已,其實(shí)也可以不要這一層。代碼也相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單,我就不多說(shuō)了(嘻嘻,大家現(xiàn)在水平都不錯(cuò),一眼就能看明白對(duì)吧)。
Barrage 中的方法:
其實(shí)Barrage中的方法也相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單,首先在Barrage中定義了它所需要的屬性,在new Barrage() 的時(shí)候,傳遞參數(shù),然后調(diào)用init方法進(jìn)初始化,生成dom,設(shè)置彈幕塊當(dāng)前的背景顏色,以及屏幕的垂直位置如下:
var top = Math.ceil(Math.random() * 10 ); this.opts.$el.css({ top:top * 40 +'px', backgroundColor:"rgb("+this.opts.bgColor.join(",")+")" });
隨機(jī)生成top值,為了避免彈幕塊在同一垂直位置出現(xiàn)。然后設(shè)置彈幕塊從右往左移動(dòng)時(shí)所需要的時(shí)間,以及延遲開始移動(dòng)的時(shí)間:
// 設(shè)置彈幕塊延遲移動(dòng)的時(shí)間 var delay = Math.ceil(Math.random()*10); this.opts.delayTime *= Math.abs(delay - 5); // 設(shè)置彈幕塊移動(dòng)的時(shí)長(zhǎng) var dur = Math.ceil(Math.random() * 10); this.opts.duration += dur * 1000 ;
設(shè)置這兩個(gè)參數(shù),是為了不讓彈幕塊在進(jìn)入屏幕的時(shí)候同時(shí)出現(xiàn),并且如果移動(dòng)速度相同,就感覺(jué)整體在一起移動(dòng),效果不太好。最后將彈幕塊的dom添加在html中,并計(jì)算出left值:
$('#barrage-wrapper').append(this.opts.$el); this.opts.left = -this.opts.$el.width() - this.opts.offset ;
left值也就是彈幕塊要移動(dòng)的距離,這里我加了一個(gè)偏移量offset(這個(gè)隨意),可能我css設(shè)置有點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,如果不加這個(gè),彈幕塊在還沒(méi)完全移出屏幕的時(shí)候就從html中移除了,會(huì)突然變沒(méi),有點(diǎn)突兀,因此加了一個(gè)偏移量,保證彈幕塊完全移出屏幕
當(dāng)彈幕塊都初始化完成了之后,調(diào)用start方法,開始移動(dòng)
Barrage.prototype.start = function (bc , index) { var self = this ; bc.mq.splice(index , 1); setTimeout(function () { self.move(bc); }, this.opts.delayTime); }
move方法則是使用jq的animate方法來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)dom的移動(dòng)動(dòng)畫
Barrage.prototype.move = function (bc) { var self = this ; this.opts.$el.animate({ left:this.opts.left+'px' } , this.opts.duration ,"linear" , function () { bc.remove(self); }); }
在彈幕完全移出屏幕時(shí),也就是動(dòng)畫結(jié)束時(shí),將當(dāng)前彈幕dom從html中移除。整體的思路也就是這樣,是不是很簡(jiǎn)單,不過(guò)在這里我對(duì)start方法中的這段代碼進(jìn)行說(shuō)明一下:
bc.mq.splice(index , 1);
我在開始動(dòng)畫之前,首先將當(dāng)前彈幕對(duì)象從BarrageCollection 中移出了,按理說(shuō)應(yīng)該在彈幕完全移出屏幕時(shí)才執(zhí)行這個(gè)操作才對(duì),其實(shí)是因?yàn)椋?dāng)我們?cè)谡{(diào)用 BarrageManager 中的loop方法循環(huán)獲取彈幕數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)候,會(huì)改變BarrageCollection 中彈幕集合的長(zhǎng)度,這時(shí)候會(huì)造成傳遞到 start方法中的index值可能會(huì)大于集合的長(zhǎng)度,從而報(bào)錯(cuò),因此我在每次調(diào)用start的時(shí)候就將當(dāng)前彈幕對(duì)象從集合中移除,確保集合每次都是空的,從而不會(huì)有其他影響。
如果你需要完整代碼,可以私信關(guān)注我哦!
天給小伙伴們推薦2款超優(yōu)質(zhì)的Vue自定義彈幕制作組件Vue-Barrage。
vue-barrage 基于vue2.x構(gòu)建的彈幕組件。
功能特性
快速使用
首先,復(fù)制 components 目錄下 VBarrage文件夾 到自己的項(xiàng)目中。
<v-barrage
:arr="arr" // 傳入的彈幕源數(shù)組
:isPause="isPause" // 控制是否暫停彈幕
:percent="100" // 彈幕的屏幕占比
</v-barrage>
// 彈幕對(duì)象
{
content: this.sendContent, // 彈幕內(nèi)容
direction: this.direction, // 方向 default | top
isSelf: true, // 是否是自己發(fā)的彈幕
style: {
color: 'red' // 彈幕顏色
},
isJs: false // 是否解析html
}
# 示例地址
http://null_639_5368.gitee.io/vue-barrage/
# gitee倉(cāng)庫(kù)
https://gitee.com/null_639_5368/vue-barrage
vue-baberrage 一款輕量級(jí)的Vue彈幕插件。
特性
安裝
$ npm i vue-baberrage -S
使用組件
<template>
<div id="app">
<vue-baberrage
:isShow= "barrageIsShow"
:barrageList = "barrageList"
:loop = "barrageLoop"
>
</vue-baberrage>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import { vueBaberrage } from 'vue-baberrage'
import { MESSAGE_TYPE } from 'vue-baberrage'
export default {
components: {
vueBaberrage
},
data() {
return {
msg: 'Hello vue-baberrage',
barrageIsShow: true,
currentId : 0,
barrageLoop: false,
barrageList: []
}
},
methods: {
addToList (){
this.barrageList.push({
id: ++this.currentId,
avatar: "./static/avatar.jpg",
msg: this.msg,
time: 5,
type: MESSAGE_TYPE.NORMAL
});
},
// ...
}
}
</script>
非常不錯(cuò)的一款彈幕組件,讓你的頁(yè)面視頻元素瞬間提升一個(gè)檔次。
# 文檔地址
http://blog.chenhaotaishuaile.com/vue-baberrage/
# 倉(cāng)庫(kù)地址
https://github.com/superhos/vue-baberrage
好了,基于vue.js彈幕組件就分享到這里。希望對(duì)大家有所幫助哈!
*請(qǐng)認(rèn)真填寫需求信息,我們會(huì)在24小時(shí)內(nèi)與您取得聯(lián)系。